**The US-Saudi 123 nuclear cooperation agreement, signed in July 2026 and transmitted to Congress in late August, faces significant barriers to entering into force this year despite the 90-day review window under the Atomic Energy Act.** Trader consensus at 72% against reflects President Trump’s explicit condition that the pact advances only if Saudi Arabia joins the Abraham Accords and normalizes relations with Israel—a step Riyadh has not taken and has historically tied to progress on Palestinian statehood. Congressional disapproval resolutions remain possible amid proliferation concerns over the deal’s uranium enrichment study pathway and departure from stricter IAEA Additional Protocol standards. Regional dynamics, including the ongoing conflict with Iran, add further uncertainty to timely implementation before year-end.